基于耦合模型和遥感技术的江苏中部海岸带生态系统健康评价

以生态系统健康理论为基础,从资源环境、景观生态、人类活动3个方面,按活力、组织力和恢复力3个子系统选取了10个代表性指标,构建了遥感技术支持下的海岸带陆域生态系统健康评价指标体系,并耦合TOPSIS模型和VOR生态系统健康度量模型对江苏中部海岸新洋港至川东港岸段进行了应用评价。研究结果表明:江苏中部海岸生态系统健康状态处于健康和良好的区域占27.62%,一般占60.94%,较差和差占11.44%,整体生态健康状况中等偏好。从地物类型和空间分布来看,斗龙港至四卯酉河岸段以滩涂植被、农田和围海养殖区为主,植被和水体对气候调节有积极作用,整体生态健康状况良好;四卯酉河至王港岸段由于大丰港建设,港区陆域植被覆盖率低、热岛效应强,建筑将原本连通的自然景观隔断,导致斑块数量增多,斑块面积减小,加剧了景观破碎化,对原有海岸带生态系统产生一定的破坏,生态健康状况相对较差;此外,新洋港至斗龙港岸段以及川东港岸段以自然保护区湿地为主,植被覆盖度高,人为干扰程度小,生态健康状况也较好。由于该耦合模型评价方法直接基于遥感监测数据,且无需赋予指标权重,因此研究结果相对更加客观,更能反映海岸带生态系统的实际健康状况。     

A comparison in product‐value potential in four treatment strategies for food waste and faeces – assessing composting,fly larvae composting and anaerobic digestion

Municipalities are expected to provide solid waste management, which is funded by tax revenue or/and waste treatment fees. In many low‐ and middle‐income countries, municipalities struggle to provide an adequate level of service, and in these places, the informal sector plays a major role in the collection and treatment of solid waste. In contrast to the plastic and metal fraction, the organic fraction is not managed by the informal sector, primarily because it has low or no financial value and treatment would cost more than the possible revenue. If the organic fraction could be converted to valuable products, the treatment could bear its own cost and this could act as an incentive to collect and treat this fraction. In this study, the potential product value generated through four treatment strategies treating food waste and faeces was compared in a Swedish context: (i) thermophilic composting; (ii) black soldier fly treatment (BSF treatment); (iii) anaerobic digestion (AD); and (iv) BSF treatment followed by AD (BSF + AD). In order to assess the AD strategies, the biomethane potentials of the substrates were assessed. Food waste had the highest biomethane potential, while BSF‐treated faeces had the lowest (417 and 188 NmL g VS^?1, respectively). Thermophilic composting yielded the lowest value product (organic fertilizer; 26 € t^?1 treated food waste) and BSF treatment + AD the highest total value of products (animal feed, vehicle gas and organic fertilizer; 215 € t^?1 treated food waste). The treatment costs were not taken into account here; the total value gives an indication of the cost margin for the different strategies studied. In places with an existing AD plant, BSF treatment + AD strategy is the most economically viable. In places where no such plant exists, BSF treatment is likely to be the most economically favourable treatment.     

Reconsideration of pollen dispersal data from field trials of transgenic potatoes

During the initial field evaluation of transgenic plants, it is usual to isolate them genetically from other plants of the same species. Several field experiments on potatoes, using transgenes as markers, have shown that transgene dispersal by pollen to other potato plants is limited and very unlikely at distances over 10 m. In a recent study in Sweden, a frequency of transgene-containing progeny of over 30% is reported from non-transgenic potato plants grown at distances of 10–1000 m from transgenic plants containing nptII and gus marker genes. Data from the Swedish study is discussed along with other relevant observations, and it is concluded that the high frequency of gene dispersal in that study results from a high frequency of false positives during PCR analysis of the nptII gene. From the data available in potato, it is concluded that a distance of 20 m is generally adequate for the initial field evaluation of transgenic potatoes containing novel gene constructs.     

湖北天鹅洲故道试养江豚生活习性的初步观察

为抢救濒危水生兽类白暨豚,建立保护区无疑是最有效的途径,１９９０年３月到１９９３年１０月,我们对引进白暨豚保护区湖北天鹅洲故道中试养的１１头江豚的生活状况和对环境的适应性,进行了较为详细的研究,力求在引入白暨豚前,对此地江豚的生活情况及白暨豚保护区的建区工作做进一步的生态评价。结果表明,江豚非常适应故道环境,它们能在其中正常生活,完成妊娠过程,顺利分娩,抚幼,幼体也能正常发育和成长。此外,故道还存     

重金属复合污染对大豆生长的影响及其综合评价研究

通过正交试验设计研究了溶液培养条件下Ｃｄ、Ｐｈ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ复合污染对大豆幼苗生长的影响．结果表明,复合污染条件下,各元素在根中的积累顺序为ＡＳ＞Ｐｂ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｃｄ＞Ｚｎ,茎叶中为Ｃｄ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｚｎ＞Ａｓ＞Ｐｈ,其交互作用类型决定于元素的投加浓度及其与共存元素的比例,而对其生长发育,ＡＳ和ＣＵ是主要的毒害元素,并指出相对离子强度是复合污染综合效应指示与控制的又一有效指标．     

Use of the reference dose in risk characterization of drinking water contaminants

Regulatory decisions should be made in the most expert and informed way since they are precipitated by real and perceived threats to public health, under the glare of public scrutiny. The development of environmental regulations require a three‐step paradigm, collectively called risk analysis. This paper will address the risk assessment practices required under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Amendments of 1986 to determine a Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG, nonenforceable health goal) which should result in no known or anticipated health effects, and allows adequate margin of safety. The end product of this risk assessment, risk characterization, and risk management encompassing control options and nonrisk analysis are combined to derive the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL, enforceable standard). Furthermore, this paper discusses the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's efforts in exploring new and improved noncancer risk assessment approaches providing the basis for MCLGs for the protection of human health.     

Quandaries and complexities of ecological risk assessment: Viable options to reduce humanistic arrogance

Ecological risk assessment has been used to support decisions regarding human‐generated actions which affect natural “resources”; and indigenous ecosystems. Often, the logical and scientific input serve as rationalization to legitimize the process. Though widely accepted as the realistic and sole paradigm, Ecological Risk Assessments do not address the complexities of the natural world, are humanistically arrogant, and disregard or do not consider alternatives which offer imagination and realistic attempts to reduce human impact to the land.

Ecological Alternatives Assessment practices would place the highest priority on: (a) continued temporal and spatial evolution of existing complex ecological relationships, (b) acknowledgment of the inherent rights of all species, and (c) examination of alternatives to reduce effects of anthropogenic actions. These steps, as discussed, are not impossible to accomplish and are necessary for favorable short‐term (50–500 years) anthropocentric alternatives and maintenance of long‐term (+1,000 years) biodiversity of species and ecosystems.     

Structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in some Indian Amaranthaceae

The structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in 45 taxa belonging to 19 genera have been studied. In all, six stomatal types have been recognized viz., anomocytic, anisocytic, diacytic, paracytic, hemiparacytic and brachyparacytic. The majority of the taxa are amphistomatic whereas hypostomatic leaves are confined to only three taxa. Stomatal diversity is common but most of the taxa show either dominance or codominance. Stomatal distribution is helpful in distinguishing the three tribes of the Amaranthaceae. The tribe Celosieae shows exclusive presence of anomocytic and anisocytic stomata whereas Amarantheae and Gomphreneae show other stomatal types viz., paracytic and diacytic in addition to anomocytic and anisocytic stomata. Further, the latter two tribes are each distinguishable into two subtribes on the basis of stomata.